Using high-value treats (peanut butter, squeeze cheese, tuna) during vaccines and blood draws to create a positive emotional counter-conditioning loop.

Extreme reactions to thunderstorms, fireworks, or specific environmental triggers.

Advanced compulsive disorders that interfere with an animal's daily functioning. Behavior and Welfare in Agriculture and Captive Settings

Clinical ethology—the study of animal behavior in a veterinary context—has shifted from a niche interest to a core component of general practice. This change is driven by the understanding that a "healthy" animal is not merely one free of disease, but one that is mentally stimulated and emotionally stable.