This technical guide covers the core engineering concepts for process piping hydraulics, line sizing, and pressure rating calculations. It aligns with standard professional training modules and industrial practices. 1. Fundamentals of Fluid Flow and Hydraulics
Install expansion loops, offsets, or bellows to absorb thermal strain when piping carries hot process fluids. This technical guide covers the core engineering concepts
| | Velocity Range (m/s) | Pressure Drop per 100m (kPa) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Liquids (pump discharge) | 1.5 - 3.0 | 10 - 30 | | Liquids (pump suction) | 1.0 - 2.0 | 5 - 15 | | Gases & Vapors | 15 - 30 | 5 - 20 | | Two-Phase Flow | 15 - 35 (design to avoid slug flow) | 5 - 20 | | Steam (low pressure) | 20 - 40 | 5 - 20 | | Steam (high pressure) | 30 - 60 | 5 - 20 | Fundamentals of Fluid Flow and Hydraulics Install expansion
Exceeding maximum velocity limits can cause erosion, water hammer, and excessive noise. Dropping below minimum limits can cause suspended solids to settle out. Fluid Type Recommended Velocity Range (m/s) Recommended Velocity Range (ft/s) Water (Pump Suction) Steam (Saturated) Steam (Superheated) Air / Gases Step 2: Calculate Initial Diameter Using the volumetric flow rate ( ) and a targeted velocity ( ), calculate the required cross-sectional area ( This technical guide covers the core engineering concepts
Tackle the Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook-White equations to determine friction factors and head loss across fittings.
Choose the nearest standard nominal pipe size (NPS) with an internal diameter ( Dicap D sub i ) equal to or greater than the calculated value.